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Gaya, India

पढ़ेंसंपादित करेंइतिहास देखेंEnglish

हिन्दुस्तान पीडिया, स्वतंत्र ज्ञानकोश से

Gaya, India
• Total470,839
• Rank102 (India), 2nd (Bihar)
• Density9,490/km 2 (24,600/sq mi)
Demonym(s)Gayaite, Gayavi, Gayawaal
Elevation111 m (364 ft)
• OfficialHindi , English
Time zoneUTC+5:30 ( IST )
PIN823001 - 13
Telephone code91-631
ISO 3166 codeIN-BR
Vehicle registrationBR-02
Railway StationGaya Junction
• SpokenMagahi , Bengali , Bhojpuri , Maithili
CountryIndia
StateBihar
RegionMagadha
DivisionMagadh Division
DistrictGaya
Named forGayasura
• TypeMunicipal corporation
• BodyGaya Nagar Nigam
• MayorGanesh Paswan
• Deputy MayorMohan Shrivastava
AirportGaya International Airport
Websitegaya .nic .in //

Gaya (IAST: Gayā) is a city, municipal corporation and the administrative headquarters of Gaya district and Magadh division of the Indian state of Bihar. Gaya is 116 kilometres (72 mi) south of Patna and is the state's second-largest city, with a population of 470,839. The city is surrounded on three sides by small, rocky hills (Mangla-Gauri, Shringa-Sthan, Ram-Shila, and Brahmayoni), with the Phalgu River on its eastern side.

It is a city of historical significance and is one of the major tourist attractions. Gaya is sanctified in the Jain, Hindu, and Buddhist religions. Gaya district is mentioned in the great epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. It is the place where Rama, with Sita and Lakshmana, came to offer piṇḍadāna for their father, Dasharatha, and continues to be a major Hindu pilgrimage site for the piṇḍadāna ritual. Bodh Gaya, where Buddha is said to have attained enlightenment, is one of the four holy sites of Buddhism.

Gaya was chosen as one of twelve heritage cities to benefit from the Government of India's four-year Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY) scheme for urban planning, economic growth and heritage conservation projects.[5]

Etymology[संपादित करें]

Gaya is named after the demon Gayasura (meaning "the demon Gaya") who dwelt the area during the Treta Yuga.[6][7] According to Vayu Purana, Gaya was the name of a demon (Asura) whose body became pious after he performed strict penance and secured blessings from Vishnu.[8] It was said that the body of Gayasura was transformed into the series of rocky hills that make up the landscape of Gaya.[9]

History[संपादित करें]

Ancient history[संपादित करें]

Gaya is an ancient city, with a Buddhist documented history dating back to the 6th century BCE when the sage Gautama Buddha attained enlightenment at Bodh Gaya, 16 km (9.9 mi) from the modern city.[10]

Even before this time, Gaya was a place of pilgrimage for people from around the world. The fame of ancient Gaya derived from the account in the Ramayana of the god Rama coming here to the banks of Phalgu River (called the Niranjana), accompanied by his wife and younger brother, to offer pind-daan for their father Dasharatha, for the moksha of his soul.[11][12]

The city's cultural significance began with the dynasty founded by Sisunaga, who exercised power over Patna and Gaya around 600 BCE. Bimbisara, fifth king of the dynasty, who lived and ruled around 519 BCE, had projected Gaya to the outer world. Having attained an important place in the history of civilisation, the area experienced the influence of Gautama Buddha and Bhagwan Mahavir during the reign of Bimbisara. After a brief period under the Nanda dynasty (345–321 BCE), Gaya and the entire Magadha region came under Mauryan rule. Mauryan Emperor Ashoka (272–232 BCE) embraced and promoted Buddhism. He visited Gaya, and built the first temple at Bodh Gaya to commemorate the Buddha's attainment of supreme enlightenment.[13]

Modern history[संपादित करें]

As attested by Francis Buchanan-Hamilton in the early nineteenth century, the city was divided into two areas: a sacred area in the southern part of the city, called Gaya; and the larger secular area, which may have been known by the Muslim community as Allahabad. During the British rule, the commercial and administrative area of the secular zone was formally named Saheb Ganj by British policy reformer Thomas Law, who was a district officer in Gaya in the late nineteenth century. Now 2023 Upgrade Gaya Junction to International Junction official news launched By @PIB_Patna on Twitter [14]

Gaya played a significant role in the Indian Independence Movement. From 26 to 31 December 1922, the 37th session of the Indian National Congress was held in Gaya[15] under the presidency of Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das. It was attended by prominent leaders and luminaries of the Independence Movement, including Mohandas K. Gandhi, Rajendra Prasad, Anugrah Narayan Sinha, Sardar Patel, Maulana Azad, Jawaharlal Nehru and Krishna Sinha.[16]

The new Vishnupad Corridor Project is underway to improve pilgrim experience at Vishnupad.[17]

Administration[संपादित करें]

Until 1864, Gaya was a part of the district of Bihar and Ramgarh (now in the state of Jharkhand). It became a district of Bihar in its own right on 3 October 1865.[18] In May 1981, the Bihar state government created the Magadh division, comprising the district of Gaya, along with Nawada, Aurangabad and Jehanabad, all of which had originally been sub-divisions when Gaya district was created.[8] Aurangabad and Nawada were partitioned from the territory of Gaya in 1973; and Jehanabad in 1988.[19] Gaya district occupies an area of 4,976 km2 (1,921-mile2).[8]

Gaya Municipal Corporation (GMC) is the civic body that governs Gaya.[20] GMC consists of democratically elected members, is headed by a mayor, who administer the city's infrastructure, public services, and supplies.[21]

Culture[संपादित करें]

Pilgrimage[संपादित करें]

The city of Gaya is a holy place of Hinduism, with a great number of Hindu deities represented in the engravings, paintings and carvings of its shrines. Of particular importance are the sites in the city associated with Vishnu, in particular the Phalgu River and the shrine Vishnupad Mandir, or Vishnupada, which is marked by a large footprint of Lord Vishnu engraved in a basalt block.[14] Gaya is the location at which Rama, with Sita and Lakshmana, offered pind-daan for his father, Dasharatha. Gaya has since remained a site of key importance for the performance of the pind-daan ritual.[11][12]

Nearby Bodh Gaya ("Buddha Gaya"), so named to distinguish it from the Hindu town centre of Gaya, is one of the four holiest sites of Buddhism and the site where the Buddha attained enlightenment.[13][14]

World Heritage Site at Bodh Gaya[संपादित करें]

The Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya was listed as a World Heritage Site by the World Heritage Committee of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) at its 26th session, on 26 June 2002.[13]

The 50-metre-high (160 ft) Mahabodhi Temple central to the complex was first built by the emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. The main part of the present structure dates from the 5th–6th centuries CE. It is one of the earliest and best-preserved Buddhist temples built entirely of brick dating from the later Gupta period. The Bodhi Tree (Ficus religiosa), the most important of the sacred places within the complex, is reputedly a descendant of the original tree under which Siddhārtha Gautama attained enlightenment and became the Buddha.[13] Marking this seminal moment, Bodh Gaya is one of the four holiest pilgrimage sites of Buddhism, with Lumbini, Sarnath and Kushinagar.[22]

The various structures on the site have undergone a number of restorations over the centuries. Ongoing maintenance and management is required to protect the complex which, as a major pilgrimage site, is under pressure due to large numbers of visitors.[22] The site is under the responsibility of the state government of Bihar, and is managed by the Bodhgaya Temple Management Committee (BTMC) and advisory board under the Bodh Gaya Temple Act, 1949.[23]

Climate[संपादित करें]

As Gaya is surrounded by hills on three sides and river on the fourth side, the climate of Gaya is seasonable. Climate is characterised by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed rainfall throughout the year. The Köppen Climate Classification sub-type for this climate is "Cwa" (humid subtropical).[24]

Climate data for Gaya (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 31.7
(89.1) 		36.1
(97.0) 		42.1
(107.8) 		45.0
(113.0) 		47.1
(116.8) 		47.9
(118.2) 		43.7
(110.7) 		42.3
(108.1) 		42.3
(108.1) 		37.2
(99.0) 		35.0
(95.0) 		31.1
(88.0) 		47.9
(118.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 22.9
(73.2) 		26.8
(80.2) 		32.8
(91.0) 		38.7
(101.7) 		39.8
(103.6) 		37.8
(100.0) 		33.6
(92.5) 		33.0
(91.4) 		32.5
(90.5) 		31.7
(89.1) 		28.9
(84.0) 		24.7
(76.5) 		31.9
(89.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 15.5
(59.9) 		19.4
(66.9) 		24.9
(76.8) 		30.5
(86.9) 		33.2
(91.8) 		32.3
(90.1) 		29.5
(85.1) 		29.2
(84.6) 		28.8
(83.8) 		26.1
(79.0) 		21.6
(70.9) 		16.8
(62.2) 		25.7
(78.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 8.4
(47.1) 		11.7
(53.1) 		16.2
(61.2) 		21.9
(71.4) 		25.5
(77.9) 		26.6
(79.9) 		25.7
(78.3) 		25.6
(78.1) 		24.6
(76.3) 		20.7
(69.3) 		14.4
(57.9) 		9.7
(49.5) 		19.2
(66.6)
Record low °C (°F) 1.5
(34.7) 		2.7
(36.9) 		7.8
(46.0) 		12.9
(55.2) 		17.1
(62.8) 		18.3
(64.9) 		16.7
(62.1) 		18.5
(65.3) 		17.4
(63.3) 		12.2
(54.0) 		6.1
(43.0) 		1.4
(34.5) 		1.4
(34.5)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 13.6
(0.54) 		13.9
(0.55) 		12.2
(0.48) 		10.3
(0.41) 		35.3
(1.39) 		155.2
(6.11) 		273.2
(10.76) 		267.4
(10.53) 		179.5
(7.07) 		53.2
(2.09) 		8.5
(0.33) 		3.2
(0.13) 		1,025.5
(40.37)
Average rainy days 1.2 1.3 1.3 0.9 2.4 6.6 12.9 13.5 8.7 2.4 0.5 0.3 52.2
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 56 48 32 25 36 54 75 76 76 68 59 58 55
Source 1: India Meteorological Department[25][26]
Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)[27]

Gaya has been ranked 8th best "National Clean Air City" under (Category 2 3-10L Population cities) in India.[28]

Economy[संपादित करें]

Gaya is the second-largest contributor to the economy of Bihar, after Patna. Agriculture is the leading economic activity of the district. The main crops grown are rice, wheat, potatoes, and lentils. Livestock raised include cattle, buffaloes, goats and pigs. Gaya has a large number of household industries, producing incense sticks (atagarbatti), local sweets tilkut (made with sesame seed) and lai (made with poppy seed), stone-work, hand weaving, power-loom weaving, textiles and garments, small-scale manufactured goods, and plastic products. Small-scale industries also include agricultural services, metalworking, machinery and equipment production and repair services.[8] The main vegetable market in the city is the Kedarnath Market. Commercial activities are located along its main roads; the city also has a large number of informal shops.[29] As Gaya is an important centre of religious tourism, accommodation is widely available.[30]

Transportation[संपादित करें]

Roadways[संपादित करें]

Gaya has a road network providing good connectivity with the state of Bihar and other parts of the country.[31] Regular direct bus services run from Gaya to Patna, Aurangabad, Bhagalpur, Munger, Nalanda, Rajgir, Varanasi, Ranchi, Jamshedpur, Hazaribagh, Bardhaman, Durgapur, Asansol, Kolkata, Lucknow and Dhanbad. In 2011, A/C Mercedes-Benz luxury services were introduced by Bihar State Road Transport Corporation for Muzaffarpur, Patna, Munger, Bhagalpur, Hazaribagh, Koderma, Ranchi and Ramgarh.

The Grand Trunk Road from Kolkata to Delhi passes from "Dobhi & Barachatti"some 30 km (19 mi) from Gaya. This road, known as National Highway 2 before 2010,[32] is now called National Highway 19. It connects Gaya to Patna, Dhanbad, Ranchi, Jamshedpur, Bokaro, Rourkela, Durgapur, Kolkata (495 km), Varanasi (252 km), Prayagraj, Kanpur, Delhi, Amritsar, and to the Pakistani cities of Lahore and Peshawar. Gaya is connected to Patna (105 km) by National Highway 22 (formerly NH 83), and to Nawada, Rajgir (78 km) and Bihar Sharif by NH 120. Construction work began in 2014 on the road from Patna to Dobhi via Gaya and Gaya to Bihar Sharif to create a four-lane highway with additional road and bridge infrastructure. Completion of the project, originally due in April 2018, has been delayed. the first expressway of bihar Amas-Darbhanga Expressway is starting from a nearby village Amas, construction started from late 2020.[33]

Railways[संपादित करें]

Gaya is connected to the rest of India by roads, rail and airways. The Grand Chord section of the Indian Railways passes through Gaya. Gaya Junction railway station railway station is a major junction station serving the city. Gaya Junction has been redeveloped as Model railway station recently and houses all the major facilities like waiting rooms, computerised reservation facility, food plaza, dormitory, retiring rooms, cafeteria, bookshop, etc. Gaya falls under the jurisdiction of the Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya railway division of the East Central Railway zone. The Grand Chord rail line that connects Howrah and New Delhi passes through Gaya. It lies between Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction on the Delhi side and Dhanbad Junction on the Howrah side. It is located at 24°48′13″N 84°59′57″E / 24.80361°N 84.99917°E / 24.80361; 84.99917.[34] It has an elevation of 117 metres (384 ft).[35][36]

Airways[संपादित करें]

Situated between Gaya (7 km) and Bodh Gaya (11 km), Gaya Airport is one of two operating international airports in the states of Bihar and Jharkhand. Gaya airport mainly operates weekly and seasonal flights for Buddhist pilgrims to Bodh Gaya from Colombo, Sri Lanka; Bangkok, Thailand, Singapore, Paro and Bhutan. There are also regular domestic flights to Kolkata and Delhi. IndiGo has started Domestic Flights to New Delhi and Kolkata. The Airports Authority of India has plans to develop Gaya Airport as a stand-by to the Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport in Kolkata.[37]

Religious sites[संपादित करें]

  • Vishnupad Mandir – Located on the banks of the Phalgu River, this temple is dedicated to Vishnu. It is believed to be the spot where Vishnu subdued the demon Gayasura. A 40 cm footprint said to be of Vishnu, known as Dharmasila, is enshrined within the temple. The structure was rebuilt in 1787 by Queen Ahilyabai Holkar.[38]
  • Bodhi Tree – At the Mahabodhi Temple complex the Bodhi Tree is believed to be a descendant of the original tree under which the Buddha attained enlightenment. Pilgrims meditate and worship here.[39]
  • Mangala Gauri Temple – A Shakti Peetha located on the Mangalagauri Hill in Gaya. It is believed to be the seat of the Hindu goddess (Sati) and is one of the 18 Maha Shakti Peethas.[40]

Demographics[संपादित करें]

Religions in Gaya City (2011)[41]
Religion Percent
Hinduism 79.43%
Islam 19.65%
Christianity 0.26%
Jainism 0.24%
Others† 1.42%
Distribution of religions
†Includes Sikhs (0.09%), Buddhists (0.02%).

The city had its first census in 1872, which placed the figure at 66,843.[42] In the 2011 census, the Gaya Urban Agglomeration had a population of 470,839.[43] The Gaya Urban Agglomeration encompasses the Gaya Municipal Corporation, Kaler (Out Growth), and Paharpur (Census Town).[44] the Gaya Municipal Corporation had a total population of 468,614,[45] of whom 247,572 were male and 221,042 were female. The population below 5 years was 59,669. The sex ratio was 986 women to 1000 men. The literacy rate for the population aged 7 and over was 85.74%.[46]

Sub Towns[संपादित करें]

  • Keori, between Gaya and Patna
  • Barachatti
  • Sherghati
  • Tekari
  • Bodhgaya
  • Gurua
  • Guraru
  • Wazirganj
  • Dumariya
  • Aatri

Education[संपादित करें]

Govt. Training Centres

  • Officer's Training Academy, Gaya

Notable Institutions of Higher Education include:

  • Central University of South Bihar
  • Indian Institute of Management Bodh Gaya
  • Anugrah Narayan Magadh Medical College and Hospital
  • Magadh University

Notable colleges:

  • Gaya College
  • Gaya College of Engineering
  • Mirza Ghalib College

Notable schools:

  • Nazareth Academy, Gaya

Notable people[संपादित करें]

  • Gautam Buddha
  • Rajesh Kumar
  • Anugrah Narayan Sinha
  • Jitan Ram Manjhi[47]
  • Eqbal Ahmad
  • Satyapal Chandra
  • Seyed E. Hasnain
  • Ashutosh Aman
  • Tabish Khair
  • Babu Raghunath Singh Baigoman
  • Prem Kumar (politician)
  • A. K. Narain
  • Lalit Mohan Sharma
  • Janki Ballabh Shastri
  • O. P. Singh
  • Abhay Kushwaha
  • Lilliput (actor)
  • Rajendra Prasad Yadav (Atri politician)
  • Surendra Prasad Yadav
  • Abu Bakr Ahmed Haleem
  • Hussain Ul Haque

Gaya Airport[संपादित करें]

Gaya International Airport (IATA: GAY, ICAO: VEGY) is an international airport serving Gaya, Bihar, India. It is located 12 kilometres (7+1⁄2 miles) southwest of Gaya and five kilometres (three miles) from Bodh Gaya, where Gautama Buddha attained enlightenment.

Overview[संपादित करें]

The airport is spread over an area of 386 hectares (954 acres). The airport terminal building, spread over 7,500 square meters can handle 250 departure and 250 arrival passengers, two aerobridges and an apron capable for handling five Airbus A320 type aircraft. It is mainly seasonal and primarily caters to Buddhist tourists coming from South-East Asian countries from Thailand, Bhutan and Myanmar at present.[4]

A January 2021 report by the Parliament of India described the IATA code as "inappropriate, unsuitable, offensive and embarrassing" for Gaya due to the city's religious significance. In its report, the Committee on Public Undertakings recommended changing the airport code from "GAY" to "YAG", asking the government to "make all efforts" to change the code. As of February 2022, IATA has rejected a code change, stating that airport codes are permanent unless a strong justification relating to air safety is given.[5] LGBT groups in India have criticized the parliamentary committee's request as reflective of homophobia.[6]

Gaya Airport also serves as the only place of Bihar from where Hajj pilgrims take direct flight to Jeddah and Madina in Saudi Arabia.

Expansion[संपादित करें]

An additional 40 hectares (100 acres) of land is under process for acquiring, while another 40 hectares (100 acres) of land from four villages is to be acquired for runway expansion. The Airports Authority of India (AAI) plans to develop the airport as a standby to Kolkata Airport.[7] The then Minister of State for Civil Aviation, K.C. Venugopal, informed the Rajya Sabha on 2018 that AAI has requested the Government of Bihar for a further acquisition of around 80 hectares (200 acres) to allow the airport to be expanded. The airport is to be expanded and upgraded with the construction of a new passenger terminal building which would replace the current terminal structure. Other expansion works include expanding runaway 10/28, and installation of CAT-I ILS approach system. In the future, a cargo terminal has also been planned to be built.[8]

Airlines and destinations[संपादित करें]

Passenger[संपादित करें]

AirlinesDestinations
Air India Delhi[9]
Bhutan Airlines Seasonal: Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi,[9] Paro[9]
Drukair Seasonal: Paro[9]
IndiGo Bangkok–Suvarnabhumi,[9] Delhi,[9] Kolkata[9]
Myanmar Airways International Seasonal: Yangon[9]
Sky Angkor AirlinesSeasonal: Phnom Penh[10]
Thai AirAsiaBangkok–Don Mueang[9]
Thai Airways InternationalBangkok–Suvarnabhumi[9]

Statistics[संपादित करें]

Passenger and aircraft movements at Gaya Airport (2011-2022)
Year Passengers Change Aircraft movements Change Ref
2021–22 47,311 32.1% 625 20.7% [11]
2020–21 69,655 70.7% 788 78.1% [12]
2019–20 237,452 16.1% 3,606 96.1% [13]
2018–19 213,635 14.4% 2,649 8.6% [14]
2017–18 186,670 5.1% 2,439 11.2% [15]
2016–17 177,663 13.1% 2,193 4.8% [16]
2015–16 157,144 22.0% 2,093 28.0% [17]
2014–15 128,829 24.6% 1,635 13.8% [18]
2013–14 102,212 16.5% 1,437 5.6% [19]
2012–13 121,091 23.2% 1,524 23.9% [20]
2011–12 98,273 94.0% 1,230 108.5% [21]

संदर्भ / स्रोत

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  3. ^ "City Development Plan for Gaya: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY" (PDF) . Urban Development and Housing Department, Government of Bihar. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 September 2014 . Retrieved 8 October 2012 . ↗
  4. ^ "Two Bihar boys in top 10 of civil services" . Archived from the original on 16 August 2016 . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . ↗
  5. ^ HRIDAY National Project Management Unit, National Institute of Urban Affairs, Ministry of Urban Development Government of India (21 January 2015). "Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana" (PDF) . www.hridayindia.in . Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 May 2016 . Retrieved 26 September 2018 . {{ cite news }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) ↗
  6. ^ Mandal, R. B. (1989). Systems of Rural Settlements in Developing Countries . Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 978-81-7022-203-3 . Archived from the original on 5 April 2023 . Retrieved 21 June 2022 . ↗
  7. ^ Bihar (India); Choudhury, Pranab Chandra Roy (1957). Bihar District Gazetteers: Singhbhum . Superintendent, Secretariat Press, Bihar. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023 . Retrieved 21 June 2022 . ↗
  8. ^ a b c d MSME-Development Institute, Ministry of MSME, Government of India (2011). "Brief Industrial Profile of Gaya District – Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 September 2018 . {{ cite news }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) ↗
  9. ^ "The Hare Krsnas - Battles of Vishnu Avatars - Gayasur" . Harekrsna.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . ↗
  10. ^ World Heritage Committee (29 June 2002). "World Heritage Scanned Nomination - Site Name: Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya" (PDF) . www.whc.unesco.org . Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2018 . Retrieved 27 September 2018 . ↗
  11. ^ a b Griffith, Ralph T. H. (1870–1874). The Rámayán of Válmíki Translated into English Verse (PDF) . London: Trübner & Co.; Benares: E. J. Lazarus and Co. p. 761. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 July 2018 . Retrieved 28 September 2018 . ↗
  12. ^ a b Bhalla, Prem D (2006). "Chapter N6-N7: What is the importance of pind daan for the deceased?; What is the purpose of the Shraddh ceremony?" . Hindu Rites, Rituals, Customs and Traditions: A to Z on the Hindu Way of Life . Pustak Mahal. pp. 314– 319. ISBN 978-8-122-30902-7 . ↗
  13. ^ a b c d "Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya, Description" . www.whc.unesco.org . UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 5 November 2020 . Retrieved 27 September 2018 . ↗
  14. ^ a b c Vidyarthi, Lalita Prasad (1978). "Chapter 1: The Sacred Centres of Gaya" . The Sacred Complex in Hindu Gaya (2nd ed.). Concept Publishing Company. pp. 1– 29 . Retrieved 28 September 2018 . ↗
  15. ^ Indian National Congress (1923). "Report of the Thirty-Seventh Indian National Congress held at Gaya on the 26th, 27th, 29th, 30th and 31st December 1922" (PDF) . Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 May 2023 . Retrieved 26 September 2018 . ↗
  16. ^ Roy, Evelyn (1923). "Politics in Gaya" (PDF) . The Communist International, Organ of the Executive Committee of the Communist International, English Edition . London, England. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2018 . Retrieved 27 September 2018 . ↗
  17. ^ " 'Vishnupad Corridor project to transform pilgrims' experience' " . The Times of India . 26 May 2025. ISSN 0971-8257 . Retrieved 28 September 2025 . ↗
  18. ^ "Gaya celebrates 154th establishment day" . The Times of India . 4 October 2018. Archived from the original on 3 November 2018 . Retrieved 4 October 2018 . ↗
  19. ^ Law, Gwillim (25 September 2011). "Districts of India" . Statoids . Archived from the original on 17 October 2011 . Retrieved 11 October 2011 . ↗
  20. ^ "Gaya civic body takes steps to improve cleanliness score / Patna News - Times of India" . The Times of India . TNN. 10 January 2021. Archived from the original on 28 June 2021 . Retrieved 23 June 2021 . ↗
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